Chronology

   400 The approximate time of the Migration Period. The approximate beginning time for the use of runic letters.

   950 Approximately the middle of the life of Icelandic poet Egil Skallagrimsson. 1178 The birth of Icelandic historian Snorri Sturluson. 1323 Finland becomes a province under Sweden. 1349 The Black Death arrives in Bergen, Norway. 1397 The beginning of the Kalmar Union. 1524 The New Testament is translated into Danish. 1526 The New Testament is translated into Swedish. 1618 Thirty Years War begins.

   1672 Thomas Kingo, Danish poet, publishes Kroneborgs korte Beskrivelse.

   1685 Leonora Christina, Danish writer, is released from prison, after which she completes Jammers Minde.

   1722 Ludvig Holberg publishes Jeppe paa Bierget, one of a long series of Danish comedies.

   1732 Olof von Dalin begins publication of Swedish periodical Then Swanska Argus.

   1739 Norwegian poet Petter Dass's long, descriptive Nordlands trompet is published, 32 years after his death.

   1744 Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, Swedish poet, publishes Qvin-ligt Tankespel afen Herdinna i Norden.

   1758 Swedish philosopher Emanuel Swedenborg publishes De coelo et de inferno (Heaven and Hell).

   1772 Johan Herman Wessel, Norwegian writer, publishes his satirical drama Kierlighed uden Strømper.

   1774 Danish writer Johannes Ewald publishes the drama Balders Død, an early example of the literary use of Old Norse material.

   1786 19 January:The opera Gustaf Wasa premieres, written by Swedish king Gustaf III in collaboration with Johan Henric Kellgren.

   1790 Carl Michael Bellman, Swedish poet, publishes Fredmans epistlar.

   1803 Danish writer Adam Oehlenschlager publishes Digte, which includes the poem "Guldhornene," a central text in Scandinavian national romanticism. 1809 Sweden cedes Finland to Russia. Danish poet and theologian N. F. S. Grundtvig publishes Optrin af Kiempelivets Undergang i Nord.

   1814 17 May: The Norwegian constitution is signed at Eidsvoll. Norway is ceded by Denmark to Sweden. 1819 Swedish poet Anna Maria Lenngren's Skaldeförsök is published, two years after her death. Maurits Hansen publishes his short story "Luren," an early national romantic prose text in Norway.

   1821 Erik Johan Stagnelius, Swedish poet, publishes Liljor i Saron.

   Danish writer Steen Steensen Blicher publishes Brudstykker af en Landsbydegns Dagbog. Poul Martin Møller, Danish writer, publishes En dansk Students Eventyr. Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom, Swedish writer, publishes Lycksalighetens o.

   Johan Ludvig Heiberg, Danish writer, publishes the first of several vaudevilles, Kong Salomon og Jørgen Hattemager.

   1828 Danish short story writer Thomasine Gyllembourg publishes En Hverdags-Historie. Christian Winther, Danish writer, publishes

   Digte.

   1830 Henrik Wergeland, Norwegian writer, publishes his epic poem Skabelsen, Mennesket og Messias.

   Norwegian poet Johan Sebastian Welhaven publishes Norges Dæmring, a cycle of sonnets.

   Elias Lönnrot, Finnish folklorist-philologist, publishes the old Kalevala. Danish writer Hans Christian Andersen publishes the novel Improvisatoren and his first children's story collection Eventyr, fortalte for Børn. Icelandic writer Joonas Hallgrimsson and three of his friends found the annual Fjolnir.

   1837 Erik Gustaf Geijer, Swedish poet, publishes Den bla boken. 1839 Swedish writer Carl Jonas Love Almqvist publishes the novel

   Det garan, which argues in favor of women's rights and is an early example of realist literature in Scandinavia.

   Swedish poet Esaias Tegner publishes Kronbruden.

   Danish writer Frederik Paludan-Muller publishes the first part of the epic Adam Homo.

   Søren Kierkegaard, Danish philosopher, publishes Enten-Eller under the pseudonym Victor Eremita.

   Johan Ludvig Runeberg, Finland-Swedish writer, publishes Kung Fjalar.

   Danish writer Meir Goldschmidt publishes En Jøde.

   1850 Danish novelist Mathilde Fibiger publishes Clara Raphael: Tolv Breve, a milestone in Scandinavian women's literature.

   Zacharias Topelius, Finland-Swedish writer, publishes the first volume of Fältskarns berattelser. Swedish writer Fredrika Bremer publishes Hemmen i nya världen, drawing on a visit to the United States.

   Camilla Collett publishes the first part of Amtmandens Døttre, Norway's first novel to deal with women's issues.

   1857 Danish novelist Hans Egede Schack publishes Phantasterne. Norwegian writer Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson publishes Synnøve Solbakken, the first of a series of prose narratives characterized by their use of everyday speech.

   1859 Viktor Rydberg, Swedish writer, publishes Den siste atenaren.

   1861 Norwegian writer Aasmund Olafsson Vinje publishes Ferdaminni fraa Sumaren I860.

   1863 Ivar Aasen publishes Symra, a collection in which he uses his newly created form of written Norwegian, Landsmaal,later known as nynorsk.

   1867 Henrik Ibsen publishes Peer Gynt, Norway s national drama.

   Aleksis Kivi publishes the first novel written in Finnish, Seitse-maän veljestaä.

   3 November: Georg Brandes holds his first lecture at the University of Copenhagen, in which he calls for literature to debate current issues.

   Swedish dramatist August Strindberg publishes the prose version of Maäster Olof.

   1880 Danish writer Herman Bang publishes Haabløse Slægter,a novel about a family s decline. Danish writer Jens Peter Jacobsen publishes Niels Lyhne. Norwegian writer Alexander Kielland publishes Garman og Worse.

   1883 Karl August Tavaststjerna, Finland-Swedish writer, publishes Foär morgonbris. Norwegian writer Jonas Lie publishes Familjen paa Gilje, a novel critical of the upbringing of women.

   1885 Finnish writer Juhani Aho publishes Papin tytaär. Swedish writer Victoria Benedictsson publishes Pengar. Norwegian writer Amalie Skram publishes Constance Ring, one of the most typical examples of naturalism in Scandinavian literature.

   Verner von Heidenstam, Swedish writer, publishes both the essay Renaässans, a brief against the naturalists, and the novel Endymion.

   Swedish writers Oscar Levertin and Verner von Heidenstam publish the satirical essay "Pepitas brollop." Norwegian writer Knut Hamsun publishes his groundbreaking psychological novel Sult, one of the foundational texts of modernism.

   Gustaf Froding, Swedish poet, publishes Gitarr och dragharmonika. Swedish novelist Selma Lagerlof publishes Gosta Ber-lings saga, a psychological novel of cultural change. Arne Garborg publishes Trætte Mænd, one of the first novels to depart from naturalist aesthetics in Norway.

   Danish writer Johannes Jørgensen publishes Bekendelse, an example of the concern about religion found in the 1890s.

   Minna Canth, Finnish writer, publishes Anna-Liisa.

   Einar Benediktsson, Icelandic writer, publishes Sogur og kvæSi.

   Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish writer, publishes the first volume of Lykke-Per. Swedish poet Erik Axel Karlfeldt publishes Fridolins visor och andra dikter.

   1900 Danish writer Johannes V. Jensen publishes Kongens Fald.

   Danish writer Thit Jensen publishes To Søstre.

   Finnish writer Joel Lehtonen publishes Paholaisen viulu.

   The union between Norway and Sweden ends. Finnish writer Eino Leino publishes Paäivaä Helsingissaä. Swedish writer Hjalmar Soderberg publishes Doktor Glas, an example of Scandinavian decadent literature.

   Martin Andersen Nexø, Danish writer, publishes the first volume of his epic novel Pelle Erobreren. Swedish writer Vilhelm Ekelund publishes Havets stjaärna.

   1908 Swedish writer Elin Wagner publishes Norrtullsligan: Elisabeths kroänika.

   1910 Danish writer Karin Michaelis publishes Den farlige Alder.

   1912 Marie Bregendahl, Danish writer, publishes En Dødsnat. Icelandic writer Gunnar Gunnarsson publishes the first volume of his novel series Borgslægtens Historie.

   Finland-Swedish poet Edith Sodergran publishes Dikter, a collection in which free verse is used. Swedish writer Par Lagerkvist publishes Angest, a collection of early modernist poetry.

   Agnes Henningsen, Danish writer, publishes Den store Kærlighed.

   Runar Schildt, Finland-Swedish writer, publishes Perdita och andra noveller, which includes "Den svagare."

   Finnish writer Frans Emil Sillanpaa publishes Hurskas kurjuus. Swedish writer Hjalmar Bergman publishes Markurells i Wad-koping. Hagar Olsson, Finland-Swedish critic and writer, publishes Kvinnan och nåden.

   Norwegian writer Sigrid Undset inaugurates her medieval trilogy Kristin Lavransdatter with the publication of Kransen.

   Icelandic writer GuSmundur Gislason Hagalin publishes Blind-sker.

   Agnes von Krusenstjerna, Swedish novelist, publishes Tony vaxer upp.

   Johan Falkberget, Norwegian novelist, publishes his Christianexistentialist Den fjerde nattevakt.

   Ilmari Kianto publishes Ryysyrannan Jooseppi, a novel about backwoods Finnish farmers. Ole E. Rølvaag publishes Ide dage, the first part of a tetralogy depicting Norwegian settlers on the American frontier in the 1870s.

   Sophus Claussen publishes Heroica, which contains "Atomernes Oprør, one of Denmark s canonical modernist poems. Rabbe Enckell, Finland-Swedish writer, publishes Flojtblasarlycka.

   Norwegian writer Cora Sandel publishes Alberte og Jakob, the first volume in a modernist trilogy about a young woman's artistic development.

   Halldor Laxness, Icelandic writer, publishes Vefarinn mikli fra Kasmir.

   Finnish writer Aino Kallas publishes Sudenmorsian. Hans Kirk publishes Fiskerne, an early Danish collective novel with a strong Marxist and Freudian slant. Artur Lundkvist, Swedish writer, publishes Gloäd.

   Norwegian writer Olav Duun publishes Medmenneske, the first volume in a trilogy about the nature of evil.

   Tom Kristensen publishes Hærværk, one of Denmark s great modernist novels.

   Knud Sønderby, Danish writer, publishes Midt i en Jazztid.

   Danish playwright Kaj Munk publishes Ordet. Jacob Paludan, Danish writer, publishes the first volume of Jørgen Stein. Swedish writer Gunnar Ekelof publishes Sent pa jorden. Swedish writer Harry Martinson publishes Resor utan mal.

   Ivar Lo-Johansson publishes Godnatt, jord, a collective novel about poor farm workers in Sweden. Moa Martinson publishes Kvinnor och appeltrad, one of the central texts in Swedish literature by women. Aksel Sandemose, Norwegian writer, publishes his psychological novel En flyktning krysser sitt spor.

   Karen Blixen, Danish writer, publishes Seven Gothic Tales. Snorri Hjartarson publishes Høitflyver ravnen, a novel about an Icelandic artist living in Norway. Steinn Steinarr, Icelandic poet, publishes RauSur loginn brann.

   Danish writer Kjeld Abell publishes Melodien der blev væk. Swedish writer Jan Fridegard publishes Jag, Lars Hard.

   Hans Scherfig, Danish novelist, publishes Den forsvundne Fuldmegtig.

   Jørgen-Frantz Jacobsen, Faroese and Danish writer, publishes Barbara.

   9 April: Germany attacks Denmark and Norway. Swedish writer Karin Boye publishes Kallocain, a dystopian novel about the dangers of totalitarianism.

   Danish writer Tove Ditlevsen publishes Man gjorde et Barn Fortræd.

   Erik Lindegren, Swedish modernist poet, publishes Mannen utan vaäg.

   Swedish writer Lars Ahlin publishes Tabb med manifestet.

   Swedish writer Vilhelm Moberg publishes Sold t med brutet gevaär.

   8 May: World War II ends in Denmark and Norway. Finnish writer Mika Waltari publishes Sinuhe, egyptilaäinen.Astrid Lindgren, Swedish writer of children s books, publishes Pippi Langstrump, the first book in a long series about Pippi and her friends.

   Swedish writer Stig Dagerman publishes De doämdas oä. Finland-Swedish writer Bo Carpelan publishes Som en dunkel vaärme.

   Finland-Swedish writer Walentin Chorell publishes Joärgen Hemmelinks stora augusti. Sigurd Hoel publishes Møte ved milepelen, a novel about life in Norway during World War II.

   Danish writer Frank Jæger publishes Dydige Digte.Swedish writer Willy Kyrklund publishes Angyalten och andra noveller.

   Tove Jansson, Finland-Swedish writer, publishes her first Moo-min novel, Trollkarlens hatt. Danish writer H. C. Branner publishes Rytteren. Swedish novelist Eyvind Johnson publishes Droämmar om rosor och eld. Vilhelm Moberg publishes Utvandrarna, the first volume in a series of novels about the emigration from Sweden to America.

   Danish writer Martin A. Hansen publishes Løgneren. Faroese and Danish writer William Heinesen publishes De fortabte spillemænd. Swedish writer Ulla Isaksson publishes Ytterst i havet.

   Swedish novelist Per Anders Fagelstrom publishes Sommaren med Monika. Swedish writer Birgitta Trotzig publishes Ur de alskandes liv. Icelandic writer Jokull Jakobsson publishes Tæmdur bikar.

   Danish writer Villy Sørensen publishes Sære historier.

   Finnish writer Vaino Linna publishes the pacifist novel Tuntematon Sotilas.

   Sara Lidman, Swedish writer and political activist, publishes Hjortronlandet. Finnish novelist Eeva Joenpelto publishes Neito kulkee vetten paäaällaä. Norwegian writer Johan Borgen publishes Lillelord, the first volume in a trilogy that portrays the decline in the old patrician culture following World War I.

   Finnish writer Eeva-Liisa Manner publishes Tama matka. Agnar Mykle publishes Sangen om den røde rubin, which leads to a Norwegian debate about obscenity in literature.

   Danish writer Peter Seeberg publishes Fugls føde. Danish novelist Tage Skou-Hansen publishes De nøgne træer. Icelandic writer Thor Vilhjalmson publishes Andlit i spegli dropans. 1958 Lars Hulden, Finland-Swedish writer, publishes the poetry collection Draäpa naäcken. Danish writer Leif Panduro publishes Rend mig i traditionerne. Danish writer Klaus Rifbjerg publishes Den kroniske uskyld. Swedish writer Lars Forsell publishes Snurra min jord och andra visor. Swedish poet Tomas Transtromer publishes Hemligheter pa vagen.

   Swedish writer Lars Gustafsson publishes Broäderna: En allegorisk beraättelse.

   Maria Gripe, Swedish writer of children's books, begins her series of novels about Hugo and Josephine with Josefin. Alfred Hauge publishes Hundevakt, the first volume in his Cleng Peerson trilogy, which portrays the earliest organized emigration from Norway to America.

   Thorkild Hansen, Danish writer, publishes Det lykkelige Arabien: En dansk ekspedtion 1761-67. Swedish writer Per Olof Sundman publishes Expeditionen.

   Per Højholt, Danish writer, publishes Poetens hoved. Lars Gyllensten, Swedish writer, publishes Kains memoarer. Jan Myrdal, Swedish writer, publishes Rapport fran kinesisk by, an important early manifestation of documentarism in Scandinavian literature. Finland-Swedish novelist Christer Kihlman publishes Den bla modern. Norwegian writer Tarjei Vesaas publishes Isslottet.

   Danish writer Elsa Gress publishes Det uopdagede køn. Swedish writer Lars Norén publishes De verbala resterna av en bildprakt som forgar.

   Benny Andersen, Danish writer, publishes Puderne.Swedish poet Goran Sonnevi publishes Ingrepp-modeller,whichin-cludes "Om kriget i Vietnam."

   Swedish writer Goran Tunstrom publishes De andra de til halften synliga. Norwegian writer Jens Bjørneboe publishes Frihetens øyeblikk, the first novel in a trilogy that presents the history of cruelty in European life. Norwegian writer Bjørg Vik publishes the short story collection Nødrop fra en myk sofa.

   1968 Per Olov Enquist, Swedish writer, publishes Legonarerna. Sara

   Lidman, Swedish writer and political activist, publishes Gruva, one of the central documentary novels in Swedish literature. 1969 Icelandic writer Svava Jakobsdottir publishes Leigjandinn. Danish writer Inger Christensen publishes Det. Danish writer and filmmaker Henrik Stangerup publishes Slangen i brystet.Sven Delblanc, Swedish writer, publishes Asnebrygga. Theodor Kallifatides, Swedish writer, publishes Minnet i exil.

   Dag Solstad, Norwegian writer, publishes Arild Asnes, 1970,a novel about commitment to Marxist-Leninism.

   Svend Age Madsen, Danish writer, publishes Dage med Diam eller livet om natten. Tor Obrestad publishes Sauda! Streik!,a Norwegian Marxist-Leninist documentary novel.

   Danish writer Christian Kampmann publishes Visse hensyn.

   Finnish novelist Eeva Joenpelto publishes Vetaa kaikista ovista. Danish writer Thorkild Bjørnvig publishes Pagten, which tells about his relationship with the writer Karen Blixen. Norwegian writer Knut Faldbakken publishes Uar: Aftenlandet,the first one of two novels about an ecological catastrophe. Edvard Hoem publishes his novel Kjærleikens ferjereiser, one of the first examples of metafiction in modern Norwegian literature.

   Finland-Swedish novelist Marta Tikkanen publishes Man kan inte valdtas, a powerful intervention into the debate about sex roles.

   Kristina Lugn, Swedish writer and critic, publishes Till min man, om han kunde lasa.

   Danish writer Henrik Nordbrandt publishes Guds hus. Norwegian novelist Gerd Brantenberg publishes Egalias døtre, a feminist satire. Kjartan Fløgstad publishes Dalen Portland, one of Norway's first postmodernist novels.

   Danish writer Suzanne Brøgger publishes Creme Fraiche: En føljeton. Danish writer Dorrit Willumsen publishes Hvis det virkelig var en film. Swedish writer Katarina Frostenson publishes I mellan.Marta Tikkanen, Finland-Swedish novelist, publishes Arhunradets karlekssaga.

   Per Christian Jersild, Swedish writer, publishes En levande sjal.

   Pia Tafdrup, Danish writer, publishes Nardet gar hul pa en engel. Jonas Gardell, Swedish stand-up comic, writer, and filmmaker, publishes Den tigande talar/4937.

   Swedish writer Torgny Lindgren publishes Ormens vagpa halleberget.

   Finnish writer Leena Krohn publishes Donna Quijote ja muita kaupunkilaisia. Finland-Swedish writer Solveig von Schoultz publishes Kolteckning, ofullbordad. Icelandic writer Einar Karason publishes Par sem djoflaeyjan ris. Espen Haavardsholm publishes Store fri, a novel about life among Norwegian cultural radicals in the 1950s.

   Agneta Pleijel, Swedish writer, publishes Ogon ur en drom.

   Sami poet Nils-Aslak Valkeapaa publishes Ruoktu vaimmus. Danish writer Hanne Marie Svendsen publishes Guldkuglen: Fortælling om en ø.

   Thor Vilhjalmson, Icelandic writer, publishes Gramosinn gloir.

   Norwegian novelist Erik Fosnes Hansen publishes Salme ved reisens slutt, the setting of which is the Titanic.

   Norwegian writer Jostein Gaarder publishes Sofies verden, his blockbuster novel about the history of philosophy.

   Peter Høeg, Danish writer, publishes Frøken Smillas fornemmelse for sne.

   Carina Burman, Swedish literary scholar and novelist, publishes Min salig bror Jean Hendrich. Swedish novelist Kerstin Ekman publishes Handelser vid vatten. Norwegian writer Jan Kjærstad publishes Forføreren, the first volume in a fictional postmodernist biography of his character Jonas Wergeland.

   Monika Fagerholm, Finland-Swedish writer, publishes Underbara kvinnor vid vatten.

   1996 Finland-Swedish writer Kjell Westo publishes the postmodernist novel Drakarna over Helsingfors. Norwegian writer Nikolaj Frobenius publishes Latours katalog, a novel about the Marquis de Sade's valet. Norwegian novelist Erlend Loe publishes Naiv. Super Danish writer Peter Høeg publishes Kvinden og aben.

   Norwegian writer Jon Fosse publishes Natta syng sine songar. Norwegian writer Cecilie Løveid publishes the drama Østerrike. Norwegian writer Kjartan Fløgstad publishes his magic realist novel Kron og mynt. Swedish writer Goran Tunstrom publishes Beromda man som varit i Sunne.

   Per Olov Enquist, Swedish writer, publishes the historical novel Livlakarens besok.

   Norwegian writer Knut Faldbakken publishes Frøken Snehvit. Danish writer Dorrit Willumsen publishes Koras stemme.

   Ib Michael, Danish writer, publishes his magic realist novel Kejserens atlas. Lars Saabye Christensen, Norwegian writer, publishes Halvbroren. Icelandic writer Einar Karason publishes Ovinafagnadur.

   Norwegian writer Dag Solstad publishes 16.07.41, a postmodernist autobiographical novel. Danish writer Pia Tafdrup publishes Hvalerne i Paris.

   Herbjørg Wassmo, Norwegian writer, publishes Flukten fra Frank. Gerd Brantenberg, Norwegian novelist, publishes Lands-svikersken. Swedish writer Lars Gustafsson publishes Dekanen, which combines elements of the mystery story with philosophy. Swedish writer Per Christian Jersild publishes De ondas kloster.

   Danish writer Kirsten Thorup publishes Ingenmandsland. Norwegian novelist Hanne Ørstavik publishes Presten, about the treatment of the Sami population in northern Norway. Finland-Swedish writer Monika Fagerholm publishes Den amerikanska flickan. Finnish writer Leena Krohn publishes Unelmakuolema. Danish writer Svend Age Madsen publishes Levemåder.

   Danish writer Ib Michael publishes Grill, in which he criticizes the American involvement in Iraq. Swedish writer Torgny Lindgren publishes Dores bibel.